Thermal Performance & Hydraulic Balance

Short answer Hydraulic balance between the nearest and farthest units is achieved with branch balancing valves, flow meters and differential pressure controls. Each circuit carries regulating ball valves and monitoring instruments so flow distribution stays uniform across the system. Branch balancing valves per branch Flow meters on each circuit Differential pressure controls Instruments verify uniform distribution The balancing hardware, circuit by circuit Manifold and valve arrangement — where flow is balanced and measured. Branch balancing valves correct the natural bias toward the nearest units in the loop. Flow meters make balance visible instead of assumed — each circuit's actual flow is measurable. Differential pressure controls keep circuit conditions stable as valves and loads interact. Regulating ball valves give operators direct control over each circuit. Every rack depends on balanced flow at its manifold. Balance extends across primary and secondary loops. Related questions What real-time data can be monitored? What redundancy features are built into the SR40 V3 cooling loop? Standard commissioning workflow and labor needs? Reviewing hydraulic design for a multi-unit site? Talk to a CoolSpace engineer

Short answer At -20°C, freeze protection comes from ethylene glycol-based antifreeze plus VFD fan control. Electric or electromagnetic heating modules are not mandatory — they serve only as auxiliary de-icing tools. A closed-loop system with properly concentrated glycol provides full protection. Ethylene glycol is the primary defense VFD fan control manages cold operation Heating modules are auxiliary only Closed loop keeps protection complete How the three layers work together Outdoor dry cooler loop — the part that needs antifreeze protection. Glycol concentration does the real work. A properly concentrated ethylene glycol mixture keeps the loop liquid at -20°C. VFD fan control adapts the reject rate. Fans slow or stop as conditions allow, protecting the loop and recovering energy. Heating modules are optional. They de-ice as an auxiliary measure — the design does not depend on them. Closed-loop design closes the gap. With the right concentration, the system is protected without auxiliary heat. The loop that carries the glycol mixture. The outdoor coil circuit protected against freezing. Related questions What type of coolant is required for the SR40 V3 system? Purified water vs. glycol: How do ratios affect cooling? How does the SR40 V3 perform in extreme ambient temperatures? Engineering coolant concentration for a cold site? Talk to a CoolSpace engineer

Short answer Under a 100kW load running 24 hours: a closed-circuit cooling tower consumes roughly 4.0–4.5 tons of water per day, while a dry cooler supplemented with an evaporation pad consumes roughly 0.8–1.2 tons per day. Closed-circuit tower: ~4.0–4.5 t/day Dry cooler + evap pad: ~0.8–1.2 t/day Figures at 100kW continuous load Measured over 24h operation Water consumption comparison (100kW load, 24h) Heat rejection optionApproximate daily water use Closed-circuit cooling tower≈ 4.0 – 4.5 tons/day Dry cooler + evaporation pad≈ 0.8 – 1.2 tons/day Why the two options differ so much Evaporative assist is what consumes water — the drier the route, the lower the use. Evaporation is the water cost. Both figures are driven by how much water is evaporated to reject heat. Dry coolers minimize water use because most heat leaves as sensible heat through the coil, not as vapor. Water vs efficiency is a trade. The lower-water option must still hold inlet temperature at your wet-bulb — see the 38°C+ cooling FAQ. The loop that carries heat out to rejection. Dry tower route for low-water operation. Related questions Cooling options for 38°C+ environments? Purified water vs. glycol: How do ratios affect cooling? How does the SR40 V3 perform in extreme ambient temperatures? Want water use projected for your load and climate? Talk to a CoolSpace engineer

Short answer For 38°C+ sites, the decisive number is the local maximum wet-bulb temperature, not the dry-bulb. Evaporation pads and misting or spray systems can pre-cool intake air; whether a dry cooler still suffices or a closed-circuit cooling tower is required follows from how close the wet-bulb gets to the equipment's maximum allowable inlet water temperature. Wet-bulb is the deciding metric Evaporation pads pre-cool intake air Misting or spray as added assist Dry cooler vs closed-circuit tower Choosing between the two heat-rejection routes OptionWhen it worksThe deciding condition Dry cooler (+ evaporation pad)Auxiliary heat dissipation where the equipment's fluid temperature differential allows it.Wet-bulb stays safely below the maximum allowable inlet water temperature. Closed-circuit cooling towerWhen the site must exploit evaporative cooling to hold inlet water temperature in spec.Wet-bulb approaches the equipment's maximum allowable inlet water temperature. How the assessment works Heat rejection hardware sized against the site's real wet-bulb profile. Wet-bulb, not dry-bulb, decides. Evaporative performance is limited by moisture in the air, not air temperature alone. Pad and misting systems can be deployed to manage extreme ambient heat before it reaches the heat exchanger. The spec of your equipment matters. The allowable inlet water temperature and fluid temperature differential determine which route holds. Dry cooling tower sized for the site climate. Heat rejection repeated across the deployment. Related questions Daily water usage per 100kW load? How does the SR40 V3 perform in extreme ambient temperatures? Freeze protection for dry coolers at -20°C? Send us your site's climate data for a cooling route assessment. Talk to a CoolSpace engineer